Demonstrating Achievement of Learning Outcomes in Nursing

Exhibiting Achievement of Learning Outcomes in Nursing Explanatory synopsis of portfolio to show accomplishment of the learning results This article is principally focused on scientifically looking into the portfolio that I have acclimatized in the ongoing past. It adequately is a record of various key scenes in my understudy profession. The portfolio itself reports various parts of occasions in my training while this exposition embarks to take a review of the points, objectives and accomplishments that have been set and how much they have been accomplished. (Green J et al. 1998) The portfolio opens with an announcement of expectation undoubtedly. In spite of the fact that I have tended to the issues of expert necessity I have likewise moved toward the venture structure the perspective of my very own advantage. I welcome that this device gives me the capacity (in addition to other things) to audit my expert turn of events and to report my advancement through my time as an understudy nurture. During its planning I have along these lines consistently kept in the front line of my brain the eight learning objectives counted in this announcement. Reflections on scholastic and clinical encounters Proceeding with proficient turn of events and long lasting learning Choices about the nature of my work Compelling basic reasoning Reflection on proficient development Strengthening to assume liability for my own learning Improvement towards being a basic, intelligent expert Archive accomplishments (Pearce, R 2003). As far as an expository evaluation of this portfolio, one ought to consider crafted by Knowles and others in the field of grown-up instruction (Knowles, M. 1984 a ). Knowles’ hypothesis of andragogy features the need for the grown-up understudy to value the need to know something and the way that grown-up understudies learn most successfully through experience and adjustment (Knowles, M. 1984 b ). In spite of the fact that not expressly elucidated by Knowles, the versatile procedure is served to an impressive degree by the procedure of reflection. As such my encounters have been recorded in a progression of contextual investigations and different examinations, and the procedure of adjustment has been represented through the component of intelligent practice. (Palmer in Bulpitt Martin 2005) The move towards proof based practice has been one of the most recognizable parts of the different changes in accentuation by and by in many territories of therapeutically related work as of late. (Berwick D 2005). I have been making careful effort to consider the proof base which bolsters the different regions that I have either worked in or inspected. To show this point, let us consider the segment introduced regarding the matter of good thinking and medicinal services law. This section inspected a wide range of moral issues and related good quandaries. Morals is a zone which in certain regards is all inclusive however in others is controlled by nearby issues which incorporate condition, culture and conviction frameworks. (Kuhse Singer 2001) The proof base for the different perspectives communicated is introduced and reported. A diagnostic evaluation of this piece would need to incorporate the way that it just covers a little territory of the entire expected issue. There is no statement of regret for this, as the entire territory of morals is tremendous and the writing regarding the matter is broad. It was not viewed as suitable to accomplish more than present a review of one zone. In any case, the components of this zone are secured and given the significant core values that structure the proof base being set out, for example, Bolam and the expert rules along with explicit models, for example, the point of reference of the Charlotte Wyatt case. The proof base component is additionally shown in the clinical range and I can refer to the contextual analysis on Mrs Y (a MRSA disease case), for instance which not just permitted me to look at the issues of proof (refering to Pennington) yet in addition to reflect and gain fro m the experience. (Taylor, E. 2000). It is consistently conceivable to condemn composing as not being absolutely comprehensive of the entirety of the accessible proof and unmistakably such an analysis could be leveled at my work. In guard, I would propose that a great part of the private perusing and examination that I have done that has assisted with educating me in my expert life doesn't show up in the portfolio on grounds of practicality. What's more one knows that the proof base is continually changing as new work is distributed and acclimatized into the pool of acknowledged clinical information. (Sackett, 1996). For the situation study that I introduced identifying with Angela, the proof base had an enormous impact in both the investigation, the taking in experience got from it and furthermore the genuine introduction of the proof. I recommend that clearly I obviously invested a lot of energy investigating the different components of the case and introducing them in a definitive and proof based design. I accept that this gives the work a more noteworthy believability and furthermore a more prominent learning potential for myself. (Holland K et al. 2003) Reflection is a huge component in this portfolio. I make no expression of remorse for this as I have seen intelligent practice as a priceless learning instrument and as can be found in the substance of the portfolio I have utilized it broadly. It ought to be noticed that despite the fact that I have recorded various cases of intelligent work on utilizing the Gibbs model, (Gibbs, G 1988) it is a strategy that I every now and again use in my day by day practice. Stockhausen, (L. 1994) makes a separation between reflection on training and appearance practically speaking. I feel that his investigation is both substantial and applicable. Reflection on training is a review procedure that incorporates those procedures that permit reflection at a phase after the occasion, and take into consideration adjustment in handling and reaction components to be utilized when a comparable circumstance is experienced for a subsequent time. Appearance practically speaking alludes to a unique procedure that happens at the hour of an activity or mediation and is a shorter and more shortened procedure than the recently refered to model. It is acknowledged in any case, that such a shorter procedure might not have the scholarly legitimacy of an increasingly extended procedure. I have utilized the two systems both in the portfolio and furthermore in my day by day practice the contextual investigation of Angela exhibits my capacity to think about training and the con textual investigation (year 1 part 3) shows that I am likewise very ready to utilize appearance by and by. As such I imagine that the portfolio is illustrative of my capacities in a clinical circumstance. I note that I every now and again come back to the idea of self-assuredness in my investigation of a circumstance. This is a zone which is hard to advance as an understudy nurture as one is hampered by both inability and absence of rank. As I have advanced through my preparation, I feel that the procedure of reflection has helped me to recognize circumstances where I can helpfully be progressively self-assured, either to advance my own perspective dependent on my own insight and convictions, or to go about as the patient’s advocate in circumstances where I accept that the patient’s eventual benefits might not have been completely thought of. (Koole S. L. et al. 19990 This component of self-assuredness has another and progressively significant ramifications. There is an inferred obligation occupant on all human services experts to scatter and information or experience that they may have to their expert associates. The component of learning and showing goes in close vicinity to this dispatch. (Yura H et al. 1998). I completely perceive that, as an understudy, I have not been in a situation to think about educating, as my own insight base has been reliant, in any event to some extent, on the generosity and information on others. I am mindful be that as it may, that as my own insight base has expanded, I have been exceptional put to offer feelings and to include expert information into circumstances that are fitting. I accept that this part of my preparation and advancement has likewise honey bee plainly showed in the portfolio. For instance, I can refer to the area on fundamental life bolster that is introduced in the portfolio. Having finished this component of the course, I currently feel engaged to pass this particular information on in regions where I experience individuals (the two patients, carers or different experts) who might not have this sort of explicit information readily available. (Fawcett J 2005) I have little uncertainty that, as my expert information builds, I will have the option to expect this job in a more prominent assortment of zones and help to have my impact later on instruction of the two patients and trying experts. A huge extent of the portfolio archives my appraisal of the effect of strategy on the current systems of medicinal services conveyance. The section identifying with fairness in the wellbeing the executives of minority gatherings could be viewed as commonplace in such manner with a survey of the issues of the Care Standards Act (CSA 2000) and the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA 1995). This specific contextual investigation was a significant learning experience for me as it was by doing this examination that I turned out to be all the more expertly mindful of the opportunities for unmistakable and secret separation both as far as sexuality and incapacity and the should be completely mindful of these conceivable outcomes and to find a way to guarantee that they don't shading my expert exercises. There is a lot of writing regarding the matter of segregation in its most extensive applications and a basic examination of my work could sensibly presume that such an enormous zone is underr epresented in the general portfolio. This specific analysis could obviously be leveled at for all intents and purposes any work around there and I am mindful that I have needed to make a judgment in this (and numerous different zones) where the line of harmony between introducing the entirety of the contentions both in favor and against a specific subject, can be attracted the interests of both convenience and common sense. It would need to be yielded tha

Free free essay sample

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When On D-Day-June 6, 1944-Allied Armies Landed In Normandy On Essays

When on D-Day-June 6, 1944-Allied militaries arrived in Normandy on the northwestern bank of France, perhaps the one most basic occasion of World War II unfurled; for upon the result of the attack hung the destiny of Europe. In the event that the intrusion fizzled, the United States may direct its full concentration toward the foe in the Pacific-Japan-leaving England alone, with a large portion of its assets spent in mounting the intrusion. That would empower Nazi Germany to summon its entire existence against the Soviet Union. When American powers came back to Europe-assuming in reality, they at any point returned-Germany may be ace of the whole landmass. Albeit less Allied ground troops went aground on D-Day than on the main day of the previous attack of Sicily, the intrusion of Normandy was in all out history's most prominent land and/or water capable activity, including on the primary day 5,000 boats, the biggest naval force ever collected; 11,000 airplane (following a very long time of primer barrage); and around 154,000 British, Canadian and American troopers, including 23,000 showing up by parachute and lightweight plane. The intrusion likewise included a long-go misleading arrangement on a scale the world had at no other time seen and the surreptitious tasks of several a large number of Allied obstruction contenders in Nazi-involved nations of western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named preeminent administrator for the partners in Europe. English General, Sir Frederick Morgan, set up a consolidated American-British base camp known as COSSAC, for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. COSSAC built up various designs for the Allies, most outstanding was that of Activity Overlord, a full scale attack of France over the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC's arrangement was a sound activity. In the wake of looking into the tragic attempt at manslaughter strike in 1942 in Dieppe, organizers concluded that the quality of German safeguards required not a number of discrete attacks by generally little units yet a tremendous centralization of intensity in a solitary primary landing. The attack site would need to be near in any event one significant port and airbase to permit for productive gracefully lines. Potential destinations included among others, the Pas de Calais over the Strait of Dover, and the sea shores of Cotentin. It was chosen by the Allies that the sea shores of Cotentin would be the landing site for Operation Overlord. As I would see it, the essential explanation that the attack worked was trickiness. Misdirection to deceive the Germans with regards to the time and spot of the attack. To achieve this, the British previously had an arrangement known as Jael, which included murmuring efforts in conciliatory posts around the globe and different interruptions to keep German eyes centered anyplace however on the shore of northwestern France. A significant point to the duplicity was Ultra, code name for insight got from captures of German radio traffic. This was made conceivable by the English from the get-go in the war having broken the code of the standard German radio enciphering machine, the Enigma. Through Ultra the Allied high order recognized what the Germans anticipated that the Allies should do and in this way could plant data either to fortify a current bogus view or to feed data through German operators, the vast majority of it bogus however enough of it valid and in this way now and then including penance of Allied soldiers, specialists or opposition powers in involved nations to keep up the believability of the German operators. Six days before the focused on date of June 5, troops boarded ships, transports, airplane up and down the southern and southwestern banks of England. Everything was prepared for one of history's generally emotional also, earth shattering occasions. One significant inquiry was left unanswered however: what did the Germans know? Under Operation Fortitude, an invented American power the first Armed force Group-gathered right over the Channel from the Pas de Calais. Sham soldiers, bogus radio traffic, sham landing create in the straight of the Thames stream, enormous yet abandoned camps, sham tanks-all added to the trickiness. In spite of the fact that the Allied officers proved unable know it until their soldiers were aground, their misleading had been amazingly fruitful. As time for the intrusion approached, the German's focal point of the misleading had moved from the districts of the Balkans also, Norway to the Pas de Calais. The convergence of Allied soldiers was incredible to the point, that an intrusion of France appeared to be unavoidable. Bombarding assaults, harm by the French Resistance and bogus messages from traded off German specialists all centered around the Pas de Calais with as it were insignificant regard for Normandy. Likewise, German knowledge imagined that the Allies had 90 divisions prepared for the attack (extremely just 39), so that significantly after the intrusion of Normandy, the conviction could even now exist that Normandy was only a starter measure and the principle attack of the Pas de Calais was still to come. None of the German high

Explain Why Is Anthropogenic Activities Surrounding...

The are several perspectives today as to the increase †¦..and is it the driving force of g w. Many believe, that the increased of anthropogenic CO2 is the issue of today and it is the primary driver of global warming. It has significant consequence not only on the environmental but also economically. This can be viewed from several different perspectives. There is evidence to support both opinions on this topic it is created by natural or humans activates. So, is anthropogenic activities surrounding deforestation the primary drive of global climate change? Carbon cycle Carbon is an important part of all living things on earth. The carbon cycle is a way for nature to recycle and store this important element. The carbon cycle works when†¦show more content†¦When fossil fuels are burnt, it interrupts the natural CO2 cycle because the stored co2 goes through the atmosphere instead of being stored in things like wood sugar cane. If we deforest the earth, then the forest doesn’t absorb the co2 and the carbon ifs left in the atmosphere. https://sites.google.com/site/climatechange4kids/the-carbon-cycle Deforestation (definition) Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. Since the industrial age, about half of worlds original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. (http://eschooltoday.com/forests/what-is-deforestation.html) Trees are cut down for many reasons including to be used, sold or exported as timber, wood or fuel (charcoal). To be used for farming purposes such as grazing fields for livestock or large scale farming activities this is called logging or to make room for human settlement and urbanization. Deforestation is also to make room for mining. http://eschooltoday.com/forests/what-is-deforestation.html. Trees remove some of the air through photosynthesis and store that c arbon in their tissues and the soil. This process is known as carbon sequestration. Since the industrial revolution began in the mid 1700’s more greenhouse gases have been released then removedShow MoreRelatedSience23554 Words   |  95 PagesEnvironmental Issues Webquest Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Go to http://www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate-change-and-global-warming-introduction and answer the following questions. 1. What is the greenhouse effect? 2. How does it relate to climate change? 3. Draw and label the greenhouse effect. 4. Scroll down to the section â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect is Natural. What do we have to do with it?† What are some ways that humans are thought

Late Adulthood Management

Question: Write an essay on Late Adulthood ? Answer: Introduction: As highlighted in the book written by Laura E. Berk, Exploring Life span development the life of an individual passes through a number of developmental stages. The major 8 stages identified are prenatal, infancy, toddler, early childhood, adolescence, adult, late adulthood and death. At an age of 62 years, an individual in the late adulthood is expected to gather quiet a considerable amount of experience. This assignment reveals the feelings, experiences and mental conceptions developed through the earlier developmental stages in life of a 62 years old individual. By highlighting the major and minor details regarding the physical, social and cognitive developmental effects on the individual the study intends to provide an in-depth and clear idea of the life span development (LSD). Life in late adulthood: The 62 years old individual reveals a feeling of reaching the end stage of life. On reflecting back to the earlier stages of life various regrets and confessions that a person has experienced comes to the forefront (Berk, 2013). The assessment of previous actions and experiences in earlier stages of life includes issues in ones occupation, marriage life, family life, illnesses suffered. From the reflection of the 62 years old individual it is clarified that to a person, own income is very important. The person reflected the wish of achieving more accomplishments. There had been an influence of other people in life. Coming at the later stage of life the person wishes that it would have been better not to be influenced by other people. In personal life also there are some regrets. The person stated to have found a good partner. That feeling has stayed on for the rest of the life. This is true for most of the people (Mail Online, 2012). Marriage thus emerges as a positive influence in t he individuals life. However, the individual regrets for not being able to stand for own self thus depicting a sadist attitude towards life. A remarkable effect of the significant life events is evident in the life of the individual. The revelation of the incident of encountering with a quarrel with the persons brother the day before he died seems to have a massive effect on the emotional development of the individual. Now the individual regrets for the quarrel. It showed the effect of life events on emotional and social development of the individual. The person identified travelling as a strong area of interest, which was not being experienced due to family bindings and responsibilities. The person shows a regretful attitude towards self for not being able to fulfill own desires or opt for own areas of interest. As per the view of (), giving sufficient time to oneself is very important to enable a productive positive and efficient social and emotional development of an individual. The person here depicts a lack of adequate time given to own self. It may be a major contributing factor for the development of a sadist and d epressive attitude evident in the person. Health takes a very important position in our lives in late adulthood (Lifehack.org, 2015). The person concerned over here has been a smoker from teenage days. The person reveals the inability to quit smoking even after the constant urge from family and surrounding people. The individual is seen to suffer miserably now with a diagnosis of lung cancer at this stage of life. As stated in the book by Laura, the respiratory system of a person at this stage of late adulthood becomes less efficient than earlier. It is evident in case of the concerned person here. The person now depicts a high hope towards the attending doctor to recover and stay healthy. The remarkable effect of the various acts through the developmental life stages on physical aspect of an individual is evident. However, the person reflects a realization of being too late to understand the faults one did in the earlier stages. A high relevancy to the statements made in the book is evident in the person. Physical effects as thin bones, decayed tooth hindering proper eating ability, lower immunity power exposing the person to infections and lesser physical strength are evident in the person. As per Bouazzaoui et al. (2010) these signs are characteristics of external and internal aging in a person. The presence of intense sadness, depression and loss of hope revealed by the person are in accordance to the identified in the book by Laura. Loss of brother and partner, diseased physical health and mental depression due to inability to fulfill own cherished wishes and exploring the areas of interest are the major reasons for this state (Volkert et al. 2015). The person identifies the position of friends as vital in providing strong mental support at times when family cannot be accessed or relied for help. In Eriksons theory about psychological development, integrity versus despair is the final stage. It comprises of the late adulthood. According to this concept, people tend to reflect on their early life. They either come up with a sense of fulfillment or sense of despair and regret. People who are proud of their accomplishments have a sense of integrity and happiness. There are no regrets and there prevails satisfaction in hearts. Those who are unsuccessful have feelings of despair and bitterness. They regret for missed opportunities and feel sad (Www2.webster.edu, 2015). The person concerned here can relate to this as the individual is also suffering from feelings of despair. McLeod (2009) puts forward the Cognitive Development Theory of Piaget. According to that theory, the childhood of a person influences the development in him. The person in this study depicts a wonderful childhood. With a constant parental support the person was seen to achieve several successes in the professional field. According to Vygotskys Theory of social development, social interaction has a fundamental effect in the development of cognition (Veer, 2007). The persons perceptions, thinking, reasoning ability has been influenced by the society. The person reveals a high influence of the friends and relatives on self. They have taught the person to be strong and think rationally. Interactions with many people coming from different backgrounds of the society have helped the individual to shape up the personality. McLeod (2015) points out that the process of learningis cognitive process in discussing the Social Learning theory. It states that learning can occur through rewards and punishments. The person depicts the personal experience of learning from own mistakes and receiving encouragements from the praises of the people at work. According to Jarvis (2012), Behaviourism Theory states that development results from increased learned behaviour. Nurturing plays an important role in ones behaviour. For instance, the person had picked up the habit of smoking at a very early stage and was unable to quit the habit leading to the development of lung cancer at the age of 62 years. Now the state of mind is highly affected in adverse way due to inability of leading a healthy life. The individual also depicts difficulty in coping with the fact of aging. The fear of dying is highly visible in the person. This results in disappointment. Although the children of the person suggest for counseling to cope wi th the late adulthood stage and death the person yet does not seem to be comfortable with the suggestion. According to Punnadhammo Bhikkhu (2015), the realization and acceptance of the fact that at this stage death is inevitable sooner or later makes it easier for a person to cope with it. Our beloved Name: ____ died last Monday after fighting a long battle with lung cancer at the hospital. He was an employee of G.S.K Company and a respectable person. He is survived by his children. A private memorial will be held in his home on Friday, 6 p.m. All friends, relatives and well wishers are invited and expected to attend. He will be greatly missed. References Bouazzaoui, B., Isingrini, M., Fay, S., Angel, L., Vanneste, S., Clarys, D., Taconnat, L. (2010). Aging and self-reported internal and external memory strategy uses: The role of executive functioning.Acta psychologica,135(1), 59-66.Jarvis, P. (2012).Towards a comprehensive theory of human learning(Vol. 1). Routledge. Lifehack.org,. (2015).What Do People Regret The Most Before They Die?. Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/20-things-people-regret-the-most-before-they-die.html Mail Online,. (2012).No regrets! Old people who learn not to linger on 'what might have been' are happier - and cope better with stress. Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2132203/No-regrets-Old-people-learn-regret-past-happier-present--cope-better-stress.html McLeod, S. (2009).Jean Piaget. [online] Simply Psychology. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html [Accessed 9 Jul. 2015]. McLeod, S. (2015).Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology. [online] Simplypsychology.org. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html [Accessed 9 Jul. 2015]. Punnadhammo Bhikkhu, a. (2015).Old Age and Death.Arrowriver.ca. Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://www.arrowriver.ca/torStar/oldage.html Slideshare.net,. (2015).Chapters 17, 18 and 19 life span development. Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://www.slideshare.net/windleh/chapters-17-18-and-19-life-span-development Veer, R. (2007).Lev Vygotsky. London: Continuum.Volkert, A., Pierre, M., Shrestha, B. and Haes, A. (2015). Implications of sample aging on the formation of internally etched silica coated gold nanoparticles.RSC Adv., 5(5), pp.3774-3780.Www2.webster.edu,. (2015). Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/lrerikson.html

Scientific Management

Management has been a crucial human activity since time immemorial. Ever since human beings began forming social organizations with the aim of accomplishing particular objectives, management has been essential in ensuring the coordination of individual efforts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, the society has constantly depended on group efforts, which have increased with time, raising the significance and complexity of managerial work. Several management approaches have come up with the aim of elucidating how supervision should be executed within organizations. This paper aims at critically analyzing scientific management, shedding light on its principles and characteristics while establishing its level of applicability and inappropriateness in modern management. Definitions of Scientific Management The phrase scientific manageme nt is coined from two words; scientific and management. The term ‘scientific’ refers to the logical investigative and objective approach whereas ‘management’ refers to the process of ensuring that duties are executed through others. According to Fredrick Winslow Taylor, scientific management refers to the art of establishing the best and most cost-effective approach of doing things within an organization. It involves deciding what to do and who to do a particular task and the most appropriate way to perform a given task within the organization. According to him, scientific management refers to the application of scientific practices to management which include; selection, staffing, training, posting the employees and the most cost-effective means of doing a particular task (SWATI, 2011). As Harlow Person puts it, scientific management typifies a form of arrangement and practice in a purposive and combined effort which is based on the codes or laws that are formulated via the method of scientific analysis, as opposed to using strategies which are formulated in an experimental and informal manner of trial and error method (SWATI, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jones argues that, scientific management refers to a set of clearly set regulations that are laid down by those in the managerial positions which should be applied to harmonize an organization in order to realize profound strictness for maximum productivity (SWATI, 2011). Lioyd, Dodd and zynch posits that, scientific management aims at getting the most out of the systems, employees and resources while influencing productivity with regards to positioning and planning of the employees towards the ultimate to achieve utmost productivity (SWATI, 2011). According to Peter F. Drucker, scientific management refers to a structured study of work within an organizat ion, the evaluation of the work in its basic form and the logical upgrading of the employees (SWATI, 2011). Precisely, scientific management, also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that applies the standards and practices of science in management (Hounshell, 1984). It evaluates and produces workflows with an aim of improving economic effectiveness, particularly on labor output. The theory was among the earliest approaches that applied science in the field of management. It was pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the early 1890s and was mostly applied in the manufacturing industries. Its influence hit the highest point around1910 after which an epoch of opposition and syncretism with conflicting or complementary thoughts cropped up (Beissinger, 1988). While scientific management as a distinctive theory had become out-dated by the 1940s, most of its aspects are still used within the industrial sector as well as managerial positions up to date. Such aspects include eval uation, synthesis, consistence, prudence, work values, competence, eliminating the unnecessary factors of production, consistency of exceptional practices, disregarding of egoistic customs and training of employees (Taylor, 1911).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his scientific management approach, Taylor held that the managers of his time depended so much on individual ingenuity of employees in order to attain utmost output. However, these expectations were hardly met (Taylor, 1911). In an attempt to prove that the employees’ productivity is often far much below their capabilities, he suggested that all managers should apply the four principles of scientific management which are as follows. Outline a ‘science’ in every aspect of an employee’s work, choose the employees in a scientific manner, train and build the employe es scientifically and enhance good-natured cooperation between the employees and the managers in order to facilitate effective execution of work (Beissinger, 1988). Principles of Scientific Management Science against Rule of Thumb According to F. Taylor, the rule of thumb was a practice that was commonly used before the coming of scientific management. According to him, the practice was supposed to be substituted with scientific knowledge within organizations. He argued that the practice of the rule of thumb laid more emphasis on sheer guesswork while scientific management entails strictness in formulating and performing all the aspects of a given task. According to this approach this can only be achieved through the application of meticulous scientific analysis. This involves precision in all the aspects of work such as consistency of work as well as different degrees of payment for a given level of work (Taylor, 1911). Harmony as Opposed to Discord Taylor maintained that, organiza tions should maintain harmony through collective action while discord should be avoided. Harmony ensures that the different groups of people within the organization work as a single unit leading to the accomplishment of an organization’s objectives. Harmony guarantees utmost understanding of all the stakeholders within an organization enhancing a mutual relationship amongst the members (Taylor, 1911).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Co-operation vs. Individualism The approach of scientific management necessitates that all the different sections of an organization should combine forces with the aim of increased productivity. As a matter of fact, scientific management is based on reciprocated confidence, teamwork and benevolence. In order to achieve this, the employees as well as the management need to undergo a complete transformation with regards to their mental outlook. Taylor maintained that suspicion and enmity should be replaced with mutual confidence and friendliness respectively (Taylor, 1911). Characteristics of Scientific Management Development of Individual Employees for Competence and Success For maximum productivity, extra effort should be put in order to enhance the employees’ competence. While recruiting new employees, emphasis should be laid on the type of work and the competence of the employee towards a particular task, after which scientific training follows. The managers should employ i ncentive wage plan when dealing with individual employees. A combination of these efforts ensures that the employees attain their highest potential which leads to utmost success to both the individual and the company (Taylor, 1911). Standardization of Tools and Equipments According to scientific management, it is crucial to produce standard products and services and also bring about uniformity in the production of high quality goods and services. In fact, standardization should be applied with regards to the cost of production, equipments, tools, materials, duration, conditions and quantity of work (Taylor, 1911). Scientific Selection and Training of Workers The approach of scientific management demands that choosing and training employees should be done in a scientific method. This should be done with respect to their academic background, their wellbeing, experience, talents, physical fitness as well as intelligence. Appropriate training should then be offered with the help of qual ified personnel with respect to their ability and type of work (Taylor, 1911). Experimentation and Scientific Investigation The achievement of scientific management relies heavily upon research and investigation. It entails logical study, surveillance research, experimentation and exploration. In a contemporary organization, the most preeminent and most effective methods of doing work can only be achieved through continuous testing and scientific research (Taylor, 1911). Incentive Wage System Taylor supported a wage system that was in form of differential piece wages. This system entailed two different wages where employees who attained a given target within a given time limit were paid their wages at a higher rate per unit while those who could not meet the right standards within a given time limit were paid their wages at a lower rate per unit. In other words, the incentive wage system entails a substantial disparity in wages between those who are able to achieve or outdo a given target within a given time and those who do not (Hartness, 1912). Efficient attain system The approach of scientific management involves caution in determining the total cost of production and also the cost at every level of production. It is based on a cost-effective economy. While implementing an organization’s objectives, any needless factors of production are done away with in an attempt to achieve maximum production within minimum cost. The approach ensures minimum wastage in all the factors of production (SWATI, 2011). Scientific Allotment of Task Scientific management ensures that any task is delegated to the best employee available, depending on one’s ability and professional qualification for the particular task. Indeed, no matter how well an individual is competent, it is extremely difficult to execute all the tasks proficiently. For this reason, managers should cautiously establish the best individual for every job and the best job for every individual. This is because one is able to execute a given job most proficiently as long as it matches his preference, ability and qualifications (Head, 2005). Effectiveness of Scientific Management in Business Running Scientific management can be termed as the most established approach of designing the tasks of employees. The principles of this approach are the foundation of modern industrial and organizational production methods in job planning. These techniques entail making work practices more proficient, establishing the most appropriate means of executing the jobs and aligning the work flows (Noble, 1984). In addition, several contemporary management terminologies such as quality circles, reengineering, and total quality management can be traced back to scientific management. Moreover, employee and manager training which is common in modern companies was also an indispensable aspect of the principles of scientific management (Aitken, 1985). As a matter of fact, modern management borrows a lot of concepts from scientific management. Such concepts include; the use of incentives for excellent performance, planning of jobs with the use of proficient work procedures, choosing of employees depending on their abilities to execute specific tasks, training of employees to improve efficiency in their work and training the managers in order to effectively supervise the workers ( Aitken,1985). However, its tremendous achievements, Taylor’s scientific management approach failed to solve all the challenges experienced by the managers while supervising the employees as they execute their day to day work. This can be attributed to the intrinsic flaws of scientific management (Drury, 1915). These flaws include the idea of breaking down work into its basic constituents to achieve the accomplishment of the tasks by the employees as evaluated by the managers as well as the flaw of isolating the planning of work from the execution. According to some critics, these only made the emplo yees to gain more experience and routine other than knowledge and appreciation. The approach of scientific management has also been criticized for the discrepancy of the workers needs (Drury, 1915). Such criticisms with regards to Taylor’s approach of scientific management led to the development of other alternatives. This included the modern theories of management such as performance management approach. These theories included job enrichment as well as job enlargement. Job enrichment incorporates accomplishment, development, and appreciation prospects in the job while Job enlargement merges numerous tasks into a single task providing variety (Mullins, 2004). In Conclusion it is clear that the principles of scientific management are still applied in modern management. The rise of modern management approaches, and the criticism may not have been directed upon the principles of scientific management, but on scientific management that cropped up in the modern management schools of thoughts. Research indicates that, contemporary industrial production, quality circles, reengineering schemes, and total quality management innovations depend on workflow knowledge and other practices that mirror the first principle of scientific management. On the other hand, the modern recruitment system employed by the human resource personnel as well as the selection criteria reflects the second principle of scientific management while training and development of the employees and the managers can be seen in the third principle. Furthermore, several modern organizations call for mutual cooperation between the employees and the managers, representing the fourth principle of scientific management. For this reason, Taylor is still regarded highly by various management experts to date (SWATI, 2011). Reference List Aitken, J. (1985). Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown  Arsenal, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. Beissinger, R. (1988).Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and  Soviet Power. London, UK: I.B. Tauris Co Ltd. Drury, B. (1915). Scientific Management: A History and Criticism, New York, NY, USA: Columbia University. Hartness, J. (1912).The human Factor in Works Management. London: McGraw-Hill. Head, S. (2005). The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the  Digital Ag,.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hounshell, A. (1984). The Development of Manufacturing Technology in  The United States. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mullins, J. (2004). Management and Organizational Behavior. Financial Times–FT Press–Prentice-Hall–Pearson Education Ltd. Noble, F. (1984). Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial  Automation. New York, New York, USA: Knopf. SWATI, G. (2011). Meaning, Definition Characteristics and Features  Scientific Management. Web. Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1911).The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, USA and Lo ndon, UK: Harper Brothers. This research paper on Scientific Management was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Diversity and Reality Television Professor Ramos Blog

Diversity and Reality Television Reality television is as American as the cheese wiz you put on your cheesesteak sandwich. It all started in the 1970s, when the Public Broadcasting Station aired a show about a family living in the Santa Barbara area (PBS). The show was meant to give the American people an idea that everyone goes though the same kind of family issues, no matter where you live, or who you are. Now today’s reality television has expanded way past just showing people that everyone’s 16 year old daughter sneaks out of the house in the middle of the night. But it is still reality, and its popularity has grown immensely. But has diversity played a part in what we, as the american people, want to see in our shows about real life? Andy Cohen once said, â€Å"Ultimately, its not my job to judge the ‘Housewives’- we dont editorialize on the show; we really leave it to the audience. We have a certain wink, which is the Bravo wink. We may linger on a shot or we may let something play out, but we leave it to you†.   Cohen is basically the father of reality television. He has single handedly started an entire series of shows about housewives that live elaborate lives around the United States. The housewives are diverse in the since of the places that they are filmed. However, the cast of housewives for each particular setting is not that diverse. All of the Orange County Housewives are white and while occasionally their will be a housewife of Latina decent, she does not last more than one season. Andy Cohen has essential created a franchise that was new to the Bravo Network, but not new at all the Music Television channel.   MTV was looking for a way to make a new show that did not cost a lot to produce, but would make lots of money. The first start to the reality television explosion began around the mid 1990s, when an inexpensive show, fell into MTV’s lap. The show would revolve around a group of young adults in the New York City area that were just living life (History). The Real World took ordinary people, and let the whole world watch as the â€Å"cast† of ordinary people took on real life issues. Because this show revolved around real people, the â€Å"cast† was very diverse and had people from all walks of life. The cast of third season The Real World San Francisco had a young Cuban American man who was openly gay, and found out he was HIV positive (Lovannone). This young man made such an impact on the american people, that after his sudden passing President Bill Clinton spoke at his very public funeral. When The Real World Los Angeles hit our tv screens, we had a lot more div erse of a cast of characters. This cast shared more personal stories, and even showed a young African American women making the hard decision of whether she should get an abortion or not. Because of shows like this, the american people were exposed to issues that they maybe did not know a whole about. So while The Real World was entertaining, it also was very informative to its many young adult fans. Reality television now a days has something for everyone. There are so many forms of reality tv, and the variety of shows out there is very diverse. If you are looking for naked people who are into survival, there is a show on Discover Channel for you. If you are looking for show about a man who is looking for the love of his life while dating eighteen other women all at the same time, ABC has a show for you. Reality Television is all around us, and many people believe that they would make â€Å"good tv†. If you think your family is messed up just watch another   family on tv trying to find another sister wife, and you might just feel better about your own problems. When reality television first hit the main stream media it really was reality. Today reality television is kind of scripted, but not the same way Grey’s Anatomy is. Producers of shows on Bravo, and TLC tend to certain situations for their â€Å"cast† to be apart of. If the producers know that two ho usewives dont particularly get along, they might have one of the wives put on a big party and invite all of the wives to sed party and just see what will go down.   There are many reality shows that have a diverse cast. But many of these diverse shows are on channels like FoodNetwork, and the Travel Channel. These channels do not make the show seem like it is reality, even though they interview real people, and go to real restaurants that are owned by real people. There are many shows on HGTV that are reality, that dont seem like they are. However, many of the host of the shows like Fixer Upper, and My Lottery Dream Home are not very diverse. But many of the clients that the hosts work with are very diverse.   Diversity is all around us. And with so much of today being influenced by our screens, both in our pockets and in our homes, the world is becoming more and more aware of diversity. The shows we watch both reality and scripted are becoming more and more diverse. With reality television becoming more and more relative to todays people, we are able to see that reality can be more than just white people, throwing drinks and flipping tables. As the world is gaining more and more awareness of social issues reality television is becoming more relevant to the millennial generation. Reality tv started way back in the 1970s with the expectation of telling a story to the American people. While todays reality shows, arent all about the story it is clear that diversity plays a huge role in what we watch, and who we want to watch.   Berman, Judy. â€Å"Trashy Reality TV Is Back, And Its Not Here to Play Nice.† Time, Time, 21 Feb. 2019, time.com/5534364/reality-tv-is-back/. This article is goes over how reality tv has started to take over our main stream tv watching. It takes a major dive into Lindsay Lohan’s new MTV show. I will be using this article in my paper as a way to show what reality tv is like now a days. I believe this article is reliable because it comes from Time Magazine. Iovannone, Jeffry J., and Jeffry J. Iovannone. â€Å"Pedro Zamora: Real World Activist.† Medium, Queer History For the People, 21 June 2018, medium.com/queer-history-for-the-people/pedro-zamora-real-world-activist-cf89c5e237ab. This article talks about the life of one of the most influential Real World cast members.This article is important to my report because it shows how important this cast member made an impact on the world, and the people who watched the show. I think this article is reliable because the author is a founder of an LGBTQ rights website. â€Å"MTVs The Real World Leaves Hollywood.† History.com, AE Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009, history.com/this-day-in-history/mtvs-the-real-world-leaves-hollywood. This article talks about the start of MTV as a channel, and the show The Real World. This article is important because it talks about the start of the reality tv boom. I think this article is beneficial to my paper became it will help me understand the start to one of the most influential reality television show. pbs.org/program/american-family/ This article talks about the first reality show of its kind. The article goes over what kind of story the producers were working on showing its audience. I think this article is important because it talks about the real start of reality tv. I will be using this article as intro to my paper, while starting the conversation about reality television. Ryan, Maureen, and Maureen Ryan. â€Å"Why TV Is Finally Embracing the Realities of Race.† Variety, Variety, 20 Jan. 2017, variety.com/2016/tv/features/television-race-diversity-ratings-1201712266/. This article starts the conversation about how tv here in the US is changing. This article goes over more scripted shows, but talks about how making more diverse main stream tv, will eventually make its way to a more diverse set of reality tv show casts. I believe this article is reliable because I got it from the library database here at Crafton Hills College.

African history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

African history - Essay Example Ethiopian Christianity endured but did not expand missionary vision elsewhere in Africa or beyond. The 7th century saw retreatment of Christianity under the advance of Islam. However, it remained the chosen religion in Ethiopia and most of the North Africa regions (Olupona 95). Furthermore, the arrival of Portuguese in 15th introduced Christianity in the Sub-Saharan Africa. In 1652, the Dutch founded the beginnings of the Dutch Reform Church in the South of the Africa. In the rest of Africa, Christianity did not spread much in the 18th century. Rulers in the West Africa mildly received Christianity, seeing it as something to supplement their religions. Later, these rulers grew hostile when told they had to make a choice to take Christianity or traditional religion. South Africa had greater Christian Missionary activity. In 1737, the Moravian Brethren of Eastern Europe a mission and in 1799, the London Missionary Society followed their traditional religions until the 19th Century. At this time, Christian missionaries in Africa were driven by antislavery crusade and the Europeans interest of colonizing Africa. In areas where people had already converted to Islam, Christianity had little success. Missionaries who came in 19th century, hoping to convert the lo cal people, found the natives practicing their own Africanized Christianity (Olupona 100). The difference between the eastern (Swahili) and the western coasts of Africa as noted by early Portuguese explorers was very clear. This is because, in terms of city and empire configurations, the East Coast was subdivided up into three sections, that is, Barbar which was the horn of Africa’s Cushitic-speaking inhabitants, Zandj; which is found between the Lamu archipelago and the coastal point opposite Zanzibar and Sofala found between south of Zanzibar and southern Mozambique. Most of these coastal settlements appointed chiefs, either Arabs or Persians. The inter-mixing and

Online environments require and encourage a different way of working Essay

Online environments require and encourage a different way of working and studying. Critically discuss whether you agree with this statement, supporting your a - Essay Example The proliferation and sophistication of the Internet makes it possible to establish online learning and instruction domains that can be accessed by learners belonging to various age groups, irrespective of their gender. Thus the Internet has evolved into a pedagogical tool, through which education can be imparted to learners. Online learning constitutes a education that is challenging, in comparison to conventional classroom learning. This type of education requires the use of computers as the delivery vehicle. Consequently, students who are desirous of learning online must possess the skills to operate computers and they must be familiar with computer technologies2. The significant characteristic of this computerized learning medium is interactivity. This characteristic enables the users of computers to modify, change and manipulate the on screen objects. The software programmes are designed to allow such manipulations by the users. Computers that are connected to the internet provide users with an opportunity to communicate with other users across the world. Moreover, the developers and researchers of computer – based education are chiefly concerned with three major aspects involved in interactivity. First, support provided for online learning courses. Secondly, the opportunity of interaction with the content and learning material available online and lastly, the ability of the learners to access, manipulate, synthesise and communicate content information3. The other factors of concern include interaction with instructors, the ability of participants to communicate with tutors and receive their comments and observations, and interaction with other online learners. All these factors promote the development of an active learning community. The traditional classrooms have a well established teacher – student relationship. The students feel the presence of the teacher and there will be a face – to – face

How to Make Your Website Work for You Essay Example for Free

How to Make Your Website Work for You Essay Website Introduction                   A website refers to a collection of webpage like documents that are accessed via the internet. A web page is what you view on your PC screen when you key in a web address, click on a link, or put a question/ query on the search engine. Any information can be contained in a webpage, including color, texts, graphics, sound and animation.                   When somebody gives you their web-address, it actually directs you to their website home page, that introduces you to what that particular site offers in terms of services and other information. From website home page, you can click on the links to reach other subsections of the site. A website can be composed of a single page, or multiple pages depending on what the owner of the site is trying to accomplish. A website can be public or private. Public websites consists information, which are viewed by anybody in the public while private websites are owned by organization for their own purposes e.g. advertising. Web-design                   Web design refers to the design art and the process of merging individual element and aspect of design including shape, line, texture color, etc. into a simple pleasant arrangement. In short, web design is the process and art of creating single web page or the entire websites and may involve both the mechanics and the aesthetics of a website functions though it focuses primarily on the feel and look of a website. All these combined are called the design element. Some of the features combined included in the web production and the web design are animations and graphic creation, font selection, content creation, navigation design, XML/HTML authoring, ecommerce development, and JavaScript programming. A web design is a type/form of electronic publishing. Web Development                   This refers to the creating, building, and maintaining the websites. It encompasses features such as web publishing, web design, database management, and web programming. While the term web designer and web developer are used synonymously, they do not have the same meaning. Strictly, a web designer interfaces by use of CCS and HTML (Harad, 2013). A website developer may involve the work of designing a website, but also may write a web scripts in the languages such as ASP and PHP. Moreover, a developer of website may help maintain and also update a database that is used by a dynamic website. Web Hosting and administration                   According to Harad (2013) Web hosting refers to a type of service in which one computer is set up and configured as an internet server and offers a part of, or its entire resources, for the use in the exchange for various rental fee. One or multiple users can gain access to the information, content or services located on this server by use of another computer called the client computers. The client computers uses the internet to connect with the server computer and displays the content desired to the user.                   On the other hand, web administration is the act of keeping your website well and running. The practice involves the following tasks. Web server administration: keeping the website running. Web software: installing web software. Web security: ensuring server security User accounts: setting up user account. Website builder                   This refers to website creation software, which is full of features, and the widgets, which aids in the creation of the website that you want (Baga, 2013). A website builder allows someone to build the website without the need of the technical knowledge at all. A website builder, also called a website creator, a web builder or online CMS, is a unique kind of a content management system (CMS). While the traditional website content management systems were then designed to administrate a huge website, while the website builder are concerned with the small websites in the small project mind. This implies that the user does not need any programming knowledge or other technical knowhow to install a CMS, create a database or apply a template. Website templates                   A website template is a predesigned webpage or a set of HTML WebPages that anybody can use to plug-in-their personal/own texts and image content into (Peterson, 2009). Generally, they are built with the CSS and HTML code. The website template permits anyone to configure or set up website without having to get somebody who is a professional web designer, or developer, though, many developers usually use this website template to build sites for their own clients. This makes anybody to create a reasonably personal or business website that can be listed in the search engines when the users search for your topic. How to make a website Below are the steps to make a website (Harad, 2013) Get your domain name Get web host and sign up for an account Design your WebPages Testing your websites Collecting credit card information Getting noticed Disadvantages of free websites                   According to Barger (2012) these are the totally free can never deliver any good value and always there is a catch when someone gives you something freely. If you are not paying any cost to the website hosting, probably you are going to pay them in some ways. Not your personal domain. Signing up for free website, you do not get a domain name. The search engine would not rank your website. There is little functionality to your website. Poor support of your website. There is no free advertisement. The website is unprofessionally designed. References Pablos, P., Damiani, E., Lytras, M. D. (2009).  Web 2.0 : The Business Model. New York: Springer. Otonomic Debuts as Website Builder. (2014).  Entertainment Close-up, Peterson, K. (2006). Academic Web Site Design and Academic Templates: Where Does the Library Fit In?.  Information Technology Libraries,  25(4), 217-221. Harad, K. C. (2013). How to Make Your Website Work for You.  Journal Of Financial Planning,  26(8), 18-20. Baga, J., Hoover, L., Wolverton Jr., R. E. (2013). Online, Practical, and Free Cataloging Resources.  Library Resources Technical Services,  57(2), 100-117. Source document

Cyperus papyrus: From the Nile to Modern Times :: Botany

Cyperus papyrus: From the Nile to Modern Times Cyperus papyrus, commonly called papyrus or paper plant, is a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). It is a monocot that is native to riverbanks and other wet soil areas in Egypt, Ethiopia, the Jordan River Valley, and other parts of the Mediterranean basin (1). Few members of the sedge family hold economic importance as crop plants, but throughout the world these plants hold great regional importance in weaving mats, baskets, screens, and even sandals (3). Though not normally grown for crops sedges do hold economic importance to agriculture. A substantial amount of sedges are noxious weeds, invading crop fields in all climates of the world. These include species that invade rice paddies, grazing pastures, as well as others (3.) Sedges do however have a considerable amount of ecological importance. They are of extreme importance to primary production as well as an integral part of the hydrologic cycle (3.) C. papyrus is an aquatic plant that has woody, bluntly triangular stems and grows up to about 15 feet in quietly flowing water up to three feet deep and the stem can grow up to six centimeters in width near the top (4). While the bottom portion of the stem can be up to six inches in width (7). The stem has scattered vascular bundles and no inner pith, like other typical monocots. The stem is composed of cellulose (54-68%) and lignin (24-32%), this helps to provide support for the stem and subsequently helps maintain the plant structure. There are also air ducts in the stem to help the plant stay buoyant; this is an important adaptation since C. papyrus grows in wet conditions (1). The roots, which are rhizomes, spread over the water, forming floating mat. These mats can sometimes break apart allowing the plant to colonize new areas in rivers and lakes. This can sometimes cause problems for shipping vessel (1). The leaves of the paper plant are long and sharp-keeled and have parallel veination (7). The leaves also have an epidermis with no 'long' and 'short' cell differentiation. The leaves usually have silica bodies and stomata are present (6.) The leaves are arranged in umbels, or tufts, on the end of tall, leafless stems (1). The economic contributions of C. papyrus may not be evident to moderns, but its importance to some ancient civilizations is tremendous. The ancient Egyptians were using papyrus to make paper more than five thousand years ago to make the first paper (1.

Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community

Introduction This chapter introduces the background of the problem, objective of the study, statement of the problem, research questions and significant of the study. 1. 0 Background of the Studies According to World bank, NGO’s are defined as private organizations that pursue activities to relieves suffering, promote the interest of the poor, protect the environment, provides basic social services, or undertake community developments( World Bank criteria defining NGO,2007). Historically, Non-Governmental Organization at international level have a history dating back to at least 1839.It have been estimated that by 1914 there were 1098 NGO’s. The international Ngo’s were important in the anti slavery movement and the movement of women suffrage, and reached peak at the time of world disarmament conference. Non Governmental Organization only comes into popular use with the establishment of United Nation Organization in 1994 with the provisions in the article 71 of c hapter 10 of the United Nations chapter for consultative role of organizations which are neither government nor member state. Davis, 2007). The vital role of NGOs in sustainable development was recognized in the chapter 27 of agenda 21 in the UN conference, In the 20th century during the establishment of globalization the importance of NGO’s was recognized, where many problems could not be solved within a nation, Hence NGO’s have developed to emphasize Humanitarian issues, development aids and sustainable development (Howell, 2000). According to World Bank, There two purposes of NGO are operational and advocacy .Operational is the primary purpose of NGO’s . Primary purpose of NGO’s to design the implementation of development related projects, Example Community Based Organization. The primary purpose of Advocacy NGO’s is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise aw areness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying press work and activist event (Wikipedia, 2011).Non Government Organization has been an engine towards improving the living standard of the people, since not all the problem could be solved within the nation tracing back the Tanzanian history, since 1961, Tanzania has been at war against three development enemies such as ignorance, poverty and diseases. However in 1996 the overall policy has included special forms of poverty reduction in additions to measures to sustain sound macro economic levels (URT, 2007). The progress of minimizing three enemies is mixed, towards achieving development of the community.Indicators in measuring development are range, others show sign of improvement, and others remain the same while others get worse. Many disparities still exist such as gap between the poor and rich, the bridge between urban and rural, female and male, able and disabled. It is also clear that children, youth, and the elderly and people with disabilities have their own problem especially poverty that all problems are felt at different extent in different parts of the country, Hence Low living standard is inevitable (chambers, 1983). One of the indicators of the standard of living is health. In 1990, the health situation in Tanzania was mixed.Diseases like tuberculosis among elderly, youth, youth and children increased, The availability of drugs were scarce, many people in rural areas were have to travel to distance for the health facilities and get many drugs were very expensive for the poor to afford. For stance 90% of the children’s’ deaths in local communities and some urban areas are due to preventable causes (National Strategy of Growth and Reduction of Poverty, 2005). Education is also among the major aspect of living standard of the community. Several tactics, programs, have been enrolled in the improvement of education situation in Tanzania.Despite the improvement of enrollment in education co nsiderably in the last five years in 2004, as the results of primary education development Program(PESP), still many problems and challenges are inevitable, such as shortage of text books desks, chairs, teachers, latrines holes and teachers houses remarkably wanted in primary schools, especially in rural areas. Moreover the edges of poverty torn the education situation in Tanzania. in most student in Rural areas passes primary education but there were no room to accommodate them. Also, others lack school uniforms and tuition fees due to hardship of the economy that parents are facing. NSGRP, 2005). Living standard of Tanzanian and African at large depends on agriculture as the economy backborn. 45% of Agriculture contributes in the GDP and 60% of the of the export earnings in the year. Still the living standard of many people are low, since they produce for consumption and practice poor farming methods that result to low harvest (NSGRP,2005). Non Government Organizations play vital remarkable roles in improving the living standard of people among the local communities in Tanzania. NGO’s are involved in a very diverse range of human activities and human influence on the environment.These strata of societies they are involved at, children and youth, conflict resolution, education, health and nutrition, human rights and relief services. (Wikipedia, 2011). The effectiveness of Non government Organization in improving the living standard of people has been achieved at some extent. In a case of Moshono, in Arusha, the international organization called World Vision, Intervene in that society with efforts to eradicate poverty and bring about good living standard among the people in the society The intervention of WV in the Moshono ADP has brought positive impact toward the society.Through ADP many project such as water projects, education projects, environmental projects and agriculture projects(including livestock arming and beekeeping) are undertaken so as to solve socio-economic problems in Moshono, and hence improve their living standards at large extent. Before intervention World vision as any NGO, observe the political admistration of the area, population size, poverty, socio-economic available, commitment of the local leaders . World vision use sustainable livelihood approach ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 2. 0 Statement of the problemThe effectiveness of NGOs in improving the living standard of local communities has brought a significance results to various communities towards poverty alleviation. Poverty is the major problem facing the societies that means they are characterized with endless lack of the resources, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of the living standard (Maccihato, 2009). The World Bank notes that â€Å"the incidence of poverty in the world is higher than past estimates have suggested that 1. 4 billion people live under poverty line.In Sub Saharan African Growth and Economic performances over the pa st two decade have been described in recent scholarly writings as â€Å"tragic† (The World Bank Economic review, 2000). There are various ways which will help to reduce and eradicate poverty improve the living standard of the people such as support provision of social services, example education, water, infrastructure mobilization of people for collective action such as development projects, provision of soft loans to individuals through Non Government Organizations, Particularly in the case of Moshono ADP under World Vision is concerned with the improvement f local community living standard through its various projects such as water supply project, primary school classrooms construction, health care projects, have been established to eradicate poverty in the area and the life of many have been improved (Moshono ADP, 2010). In this context there are various things which will be examined to measure effectiveness of NGO’s in improving the living standard of people.The cr ucial aspect will be identifying how NGO are supporting local community, where there are various measures done by NGO to contribute towards alleviation of poverty such as reduced illiteracy rate, improved farm fertility, improved supply of safe and clean water, improved health services, increased individual and household income. ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 3. 0 Objectives of Studies 3. 1 General Objective To assess the contribution of NGO in improving the living standard of the local communities. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1.To identify how NGO’s are supporting community welfare. 2. To find out how the assistance provided to the local communities has positively affected their living condition. 3. Challenges that NGO’s face in improving the living standard of the people. 4. 0 Research Question 1. What support does NGO provided Moshono ADP? 2. To what extent does the Moshono ADP contributes in changing the living standard of local communities? 3. What are the problems faced by t he NGO in improving the living standard of Moshono people at Moshono ADP? 5. Significance of the Study 1. The study will be resourcefully to the areas of development program as it will provide data and various relevant information and improving social and economic activities for sustainable development and effective intervention. 2. Also, the study will be instrumental to policy maker’s institution, economic planners and other NGOs with mission of improving the economic and social status of the local communities because it will act as a self evaluation instrument. CHAPTER TWO 6. 0 Literature review IntroductionThis chapter shows contribution of different authors and documents on the research topic. It emphasizes the views, theories principles and polices given out by individuals’ organizations, agencies, the government and group on the research topic. 6. 1 Theoretical Review Non Government Organization play a vital role to promote the living standard of the local commu nities, the major important of the NGO’s increases â€Å"social capital† by providing people with opportunities to build trust in each other and capacity to work together towards common goal.NGO’s promote pluralism, diversity, and tolerance in society while protecting and strengthening cultural ethics, religious, linguistic and other identities. Moreover, NGO’s advances science and thought develop culture and arts develop culture and arts, protect environment and support activities concerning civil societies, NGO’s is a facilitator of citizen through it advocacy and operational mission as classified with World Bank (ICE, 2002). NGO’s mainly are doing to encourage socio-economic development and the community at large in less developed countries particularly in Tanzania (UN human Development report, 2000).There are various indicators that an organization may be labeled an NGO if it ha four characteristics identified by the commonwealth foundat ion, a London based NGO group. These characteristics are the guidelines for the good practices of NGO’s. These characteristics includes Voluntary membership, independent and autonomy where NGO’s are independent within the laws of society and owned by the members and controlled by board elected from members, Non-for-profit, NGO’s are not for private personal gains, but NGO’s may involve in income generating activities for pursuing organization mission.Another indicator for the good performance NGO’s should not self-serving in aims and related value, The aims of NGO’s is to improve the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on concern on issues detrimental to wellbeing and peoples prosperity (Commonwealth Foundation, 1995). NGO’s have indirect and direct relationship in the content of poverty. This is because of the purposes of the NGO’s and their nature to fight against poverty. According to the president of the Egypt where he rgue that NGO’s have rendered a great efforts in poverty eradication not only in Egypt but also in sub Saharan nations, He further stated â€Å"There can be hope only for society which act as one big family and not as many separate one† ( Sadat 1981). NGO’s provides humanitarian aids example food during natural calamities all over the world, protects children and youth, conflict resolution, education, environmental, human rights, relief services (Wikipedia,2010).In the context of poverty an NGO, example World Vision a case of Moshono ADP, this organization has rendered great significant efforts in improving the living standard of Moshono people through the provision of clean and safe water, improve health situation, cars for orphans, Build classrooms and hospitals, this contributes a lot to poverty alleviation. (Moshono ADP). Standard of Living is a level of material comfort that an individual or group aspires to or may achieve.Standard of living is mea sured by various indicators, Example life expectance, access to nutrition foods, safe and clean water supply, and availability of medical assistances. (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2000). 6. 2 Empirical Review According to Anup (2001) in his research on â€Å"poverty facts and stats on Global issues†22,000 children die each day die to poverty and they die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the concise of the world.Being weak and weak in life make this dying multitudes even more invisible in death. Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunned. The two regions that accounts for deficit are South Asia and Sub –Saharan African. If the current trends continue the millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target having the proportional of underweight children will be mused by 30 million children. Largely because or low progress in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Af rica.According to Sachs(2005) ,UN project on the research â€Å"Ending African’s poverty trap†, The thirty three Sub- Saharan countries on which this study focuses had a combine population of 617 million in 2001 with the population heightened average annual income of $271 per person or a mere 74 percent a day. Every county in Sub-Saharan is a low income country according to world bank country classification, At least only four countries (Angola, Cameroon, and Congo) with income per capital $500 because their oil exporters and only cote d’ ivory which is currently vertiginous political nd economic crisis, is a non oil exporter. Sub-Sahara countries have a life expectancy at birth below 60 years and in all but Ghana. Madagascar and Sudan life expectancy at birth is below 55 years. Child mortality rates (Death before the age of five (5) per 1000 live births) are above in every Sub-Saharan countries. According to (Mbelle, 2003) in their research on poverty alleviati on (school enrollment performances and access to education in Tanzania) the decision to invest in education is guided by cost benefit consideration.At the Micro level the question whether education contributes to economic growth and how this contribution of physical capital becomes a paramount importance. Demand fof education by individual and household needs to be sustained at high level if access is to improve. This can be achieved through empowering individuals and households economically. Maintaining macro economic stability and perusing pro-poor expenditure are keys in reducing the general level of raising the level of demand for education at both individual and household level.The gap is identified on where the NGO’s operating in local communities found to face various problems that can possibly hinder their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting local development. It is doubtful, however other studies shows that the NGO’s have a lot to contributes in eradica ting poverty, in local communities. Basing on such theoretical contradiction makes the need to go through findings and analyzing the facts on the extent to which NGO’s have been supportive agent to the local are as development and eradicating poverty in the area they operates. CHAPTER THREE 7. Research methodology 7. 1 Research Design Is the logic that link the data to be collected (and the conclusion to be drawn) to the initial question of a study. Research design addresses the planning of scientific enquiry that is, designing a strategy for finding out something (Kothari, 2004). The descriptive study will be employed to portray accurate information since the research is concerned with issues related to social development studies. 2. Description of the Study Area. This study will be done in Arusha Region with a case study of Moshono ADP in Arumeru district council.The economic activities in Moshono ADP are mainly farming and livestock. This is the sample for the Non governme ntal Organizations in assessing their effectiveness in improving the living standard of the local communities in Tanzania. Therefore, From Moshono ADP enough information can be accumulated which will represent the whole population.. 7. 3 Data Collection The data will be collected by using different instrument/methods. There will be both primary and secondary data collection (document review) primary information shall be collected by using interviews, questionnaires and observations. 1. Type of Data.Both primary and secondary data will be collected from the field. Where by the primary data will be obtained from respondent directly though questionnaire and interviews as well as observation while Secondary data will be obtained from documents that contains relevant information about the study. 2. Sources of Data. Both primary and secondary data will be used as sources of data in this study. 7. 3. 2. 1 Primary Data These are new data which will be gathered to help solving the problem at hand the researcher will collect primary data from selected respondents from different groups in the entire community.Interviews, questionnaire and observation will be used to obtain primary data at Moshono ADP. 7. 3. 2. 2 Secondary Data These are data that has already existed some where; this involves reviewing of literature and documentation, document such as livelihood, gender, poverty, and social services journals and reports for the purpose of findings tangible information about the issues of living standard of local community in Tanzania and suggests possible solution for that problem. 3. Techniques of Data CollectionThe following techniques will be applied in this study 7. 3. 3. 1 Interview, This method will involve the prepared questions that a researcher administers through face to face interrogations with respondents. The researcher shall record all conversation in the interview. 7. 3. 3. 2 Questionnaire This popular method will be employed for data collection. Questionna ire will be open and closed. The researcher should use this tool to the key respondents like Moshono ADP Staffs, Community Leader and Community Member. 7. 3. 3. 3 ObservationThe resercher will use this technique of data collection. The researcher shall directly ask questions to the respondents and make physical observation of the environment. Through observation the researcher will be able to observe some of the causes, effects and measures taken by different stakeholders towards solving this problem in the study areas. 3. Sampling. Sampling is a part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual intended to yield some knowledge about population.Sample type which will be used is descriptive random sampling in order to give an equal chance to every selected sample element. Under this sampling both probability and non-probability method will be used. 1. Sampling Frame/Population Sampling frame is a list which consists of all sample units. Sample frame consist of a list of items from which sample is drown (Kothari. R, 2003) generally sample frame consist of name of respondents, total number of respondents and the sample size in percentage.Sample frame, therefore the total sample size will be 50 respondents from this units sample size will be (6) Moshono ADP staff, (2) WEOs (4) VEOs, (20) Community members (6) Teachers (6) Health worker (6) P/school student 2. Sample Size The sample will be drawn from 14 wards of Moshono division in which Moshono ADP operate the researcher select three ward randomly namely Moshono, Mlangarini and Bwawani. The sample size will be 50 respondents from different level on the community. The category and numbers of respondents who will be interviewed in this research is shown in the table 1, below. Table 1. Sample Size Distribution NO |CATEGORY |NUMBEROF RESPONDENTS |PARCENTAGES (%) | | |OF RESPONDENTS | | | |1 |WEOs |2 |4 | |2 |VEOs |4 |8 | |3 |Community Members |20 |40 | |4 |Teach ers |6 |12 | |5 |Health worker |6 |12 | |6 |ADP staff |6 |12 | |6 |P/School students |6 |12 | | |TOTAL |50 |100 | Source: Researcher’s own manipulation 7. 4. 3 Sampling TechniquesIn order to collect and acquire enough data and information from different respondents the researcher will use various techniques to capture enough information from the respondents. The researcher will use a purposive technique of sampling though random sampling technique. 5. Data Analysis Techniques The researcher will use the different techniques to analysis and manage the data such as quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques . Also the data will be presented by using of matrices, percentages, and flow diagrams. Reference: Anidah Maccahato (2001) Book in Research Relevance Poverty. )University of Mandanao. Chamber (1983) Rural Development Putting the last first, Longman Inc. New york Chronic Poverty Report (2005) [http://www. chronicpoverty. rg/page/vulnerability-cprc-s-work] Commonwealth f oundation (1995), Non Governmental Organization, Guidelines for Good policy and practice [www. peacecorpsvolonteers. org. com] Community Development Journal an Inter. Form VOL. 31 (2002) [www. undp. org] Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars. ISBN  978 9004162 58 7, [Http://enwikipedia. org/wiki/non-governmentorgarnization. au] Jude, Howell and Jenny Peace (2000) new roles and relevance; Develop NGO’s and the challenges. Kumarian Press Kothari C. R (2004), Research Methodology, Methods and techniques 2nd edition, New Age International publication. Moshono ADP, Annual Reports, 2006.NSRGP, (July, 2005)Growing out of poverty By Haki Kazi and Catalyst, Tanzania. Nepal National Development Report on poverty alleviation (2004) [www. nepal. gvt. nd] Research on poverty Alleviation. Amon Mbelle and Jovieter Katoboro (2003) [www. repoa. or. tz] Shah Anup(2001) Poverty Facts and Study on Glo bal Issues. UN, Human Development Report (2000) www. undp. org UN Project Research on Ending African Poverty Trap. Jeffrey . D. Sachs (2005) URT 2002, Tanzania Census Report World Bank Economic Review (2000). Volume 14, Number 3. World Bank Report on Poverty (1997) [www. wb. org] World vision (2004), Evaluation report of Moshono ADP [www. world vision. org]

How to Solve The Foreclosure Crisis Essay - 1273 Words

Due to the recession that our economy has recently experienced, American consumers are currently undertaking serious financial problems. Such difficulties are obvious in real estate, with homeowners having to deal with a major foreclosure crisis. According to studies by the Mortgage Bankers Association, one out of every 200 homes will eventually be foreclosed, and 250,000 families enter into foreclosure every three months. Although the worst times are still in our future, with help from the United States government, we as citizens will eventually overcome the horrendous situation of America’s current real estate market. 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